Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics and Bivariate Analysis by Age Structure Categories, National Survey of Japanese Elderly Adults, Waves 1–7 (n = 16,957)

Baseline age structure of residential municipality (% 65-plus) Quintiles 1 and 2 (“Younger”) Quintiles 3&4 (“Intermediate”) Quintile 5 (“Older”) Total sample
Fair/poor SRH (%), (SD) 16.0 (0.4) 16.8 (0.4) 19.0* (0.4) 16.9 (0.4)
Worse C-SRH (%), (SD) 11.4 (0.3) 13.1* (0.4) 14.4* (0.4) 12.7 (0.3)
% 65-plus at baseline; mean (SD) 8.4 (1.4) 12.5* (1.2) 17.5* (2.8) 11.7 (3.7)
Change in Municipality % 65-plus (between survey waves); mean (SD) 1.4 (0.6) 1.5* (0.5) 1.7* (0.7) 1.5 (0.6)
Age, mean (SD) 72.8 (7.2) 73.1 (7.2) 72.8 (7.3) 72.9 (7.2)
Female (%) 58.5 55.1* 56.7 56.8
Married (%) 60.0 63.1* 65.4* 62.3
Working (%) 22.7 27.0* 32.6* 26.4
Education (%):
 No answer 1.4 2.0 1.5 1.7
 No high school 39.3 41.1* 46.4* 41.5
 Some/completed high school 41.4 43.0 41.4 42.0
 >High school 17.9 13.9* 10.7* 14.8
Income (%):
 Did not answer 15.6 15.1 17.0 15.7
 <¥1.2 Mil 17.6 23.1* 25.5* 21.4
 ≥¥1,2 Mil-<¥3.0 Mil 36.3 32.9 31.3* 33.9
 ≥¥3.0 Mil-<¥5.0 Mil 19.3 18.9 18.1 18.9
 ≥¥5.0 Mil 11.2 10.0* 8.1* 10.1
Social Integration, mean (SD) 3.3 (1.6) 3.4* (1.5) 3.7* (1.5) 3.4 (1.6)
Municipal gross migration rate, Mean 11.9 9.0* 7.2* 9.8
Municipal per Capita income (¥), mean 402,837.1 290,711.4* 39,373.0* 286,172.6
 (Natural Log) (12.5) (11.9)* (10.3)* (11.8)
N 6,787 6,836 3,334 16,957

Note: SRH = Self-rated health; C-SRH = Self-rated health comparison to age-peers.

*Statistically different from the younger municipalities at p ≤ .05.

Table 3.

Odds Ratios for Reporting Worse Health than Age-Peers, Conditional upon Random Effects

M1-B M2-B M3-B
OR (SE) OR (SE) OR (SE)
Baseline Municipal Age Structure
 “Younger” (Quintiles 1 & 2) (ref.) 1.00 (0.00) 1.00 (0.00) 1.00 (0.00)
 “Intermediate” (Quintiles 3 & 4) 1.30* (0.15) 1.35** (0.15) 1.27* (0.15)
 “Older” (Quintile 5) 1.50** (0.21) 1.77*** (0.24) 1.40* (0.24)
Change in Municipality % 65-plus (between survey waves) 1.08 (0.08) 1.10 (0.08) 1.08 (0.08)
Age 1.08** (0.02) 1.05** (0.02) 1.05** (0.02)
Age Squared 0.99* (0.00) 0.99*** (0.00) 0.99*** (0.00)
Education
 (Did not answer) 1.58 (0.52) 1.58 (0.53)
 No HS 1.00 (0.00) 1.00 (0.00)
 Some/Completed HS 0.92 (0.11) 0.93 (0.11)
 >High School 0.63** (0.11) 0.66** (0.12)
Income
 (Did not answer) 0.93 (0.10) 0.93 (0.10)
 <¥1.2 Mil 1.13 (0.11) 1.11 (0.11)
 ≥¥1,2 Mil-<¥3.0 Mil 1.00 (0.00) 1.00 (0.00)
 ≥¥3.0 Mil-<¥5.0 Mil 0.75** (0.08) 0.75** (0.08)
 ≥¥5.0 Mil 0.61** (0.10) 0.62** (0.10)
Female 1.16 (0.13) 1.16 (0.13)
Working (ref.=not working) 0.28*** (0.03) 0.27*** (0.03)
Married (ref.=not married) 1.11 (0.11) 1.11 (0.12)
Social Integration 0.65*** (0.02) 0.65*** (0.02)
Municipal Gross Migration Rate 1.00 (0.01)
Municipal (Log) Per Capita Income (¥) 0.89** (0.04)
Entry Cohort (ref: Wave 1)
 Wave 2 0.82 (0.16) 1.04 (0.20) 1.04 (0.20)
 Wave 4 0.63*** (0.10) 0.91 (0.15) 0.90 (0.15)
 Wave 5 0.84 (0.10) 0.96 (0.12) 0.96 (0.12)
Random Effect (SD): Intercept 2.45 (0.08) 2.15 (0.08) 2.14 (0.08)
Random Effect (SD): Slope 0.03 (0.00) 0.03 (0.00) 0.03 (0.00)
AIC 11,115 10,522 10,518
Log Likelihood −5,509 −5,240 −5,236
N 16,528 16,528 16,528

Note: *p ≤ .05; **p ≤ .01; ***p ≤ .001.