At first, chronic wounds are regularly cleaned and covered using wound dressings and bandages. If a wound still hasn’t healed after a long time despite this wound care, special treatments such as vacuum-assisted closure or skin grafts are used.
If someone has a wound for more than eight weeks without any signs of it healing, it’s considered to be a chronic wound. These kinds of wounds usually arise as a result of poor blood circulation, diabetes or a weak immune system. Open wounds on the lower leg are also known as venous leg ulcers.
As well as treating the underlying condition and tending to the wound, pain relief is important. Some people with complex, poorly healing wounds find psychological support helpful too.
Cleaning the wound
The wound is often cleaned when the dressing is changed, normally using a saline (salt) solution. Overall, though, not enough is known about the advantages and disadvantages of the various solutions that are used to clean wounds, and how they affect the healing process. It’s also not yet clear whether tap water could be used for the medical cleaning of wounds.
Debridement
When treating chronic wounds, doctors or nurses often remove dead or inflamed tissue. This is known as debridement. The tissue is removed using instruments such as tweezers, a sharp spoon-like instrument called a curette, or a scalpel. An enzyme-based gel is sometimes applied too, to help clean the wound.
The wound can also be cleaned using a high-pressure water jet. Another form of debridement involves the use of a certain species of maggots (fly larvae) that are specially bred for medical purposes. The maggots are placed on the wound, either as they are or in a pouch. They remove dead tissue and fluid from the wound.
Because debridement is often painful, a local anesthetic is used to numb the wound beforehand, for instance using an ointment. If more severe pain is expected, painkillers can also be taken before treatment. Larger wounds are sometimes cleaned under general anesthetic. There is not enough good research on the advantages and disadvantages of the various debridement techniques to be able to say how effective they are.
Wound dressings
Once the wound has been cleaned, it is covered with a dressing. Most wounds are kept moist, for instance with moist compresses. But the following kinds of dressings can be used instead:
The dressings are used to remove excess fluid from the wound and protect it from infection. They are usually left on the wound for several days. Dressings should be changed if it’s clear that they can’t soak up any more wound secretions, if they slip out of place, or if fluid leaks out of the bandage. It’s not yet possible to tell which types of wound dressings are most suitable for different kinds of wounds because there isn’t enough good research in this area.
There are also dressings that contain substances called growth factors. These hormone-like substances are meant to help the healing process by promoting the growth of the body’s cells. But there aren’t enough good studies to be able to say whether treatment with growth factors is more effective than conventional wound care for diabetic foot ulcers and other kinds of chronic wounds.
Honey has traditionally been used in wound care. But applying specially prepared honey before dressing the wound probably doesn’t have any advantages. The effect of using honey in the treatment of leg wounds has so far only been tested in people with venous leg ulcers, though.
Compression stockings and compression bandages
If poor blood circulation is what caused the chronic wound, then compression stockings or compression bandages can help it to heal faster. The pressure from the stockings and bandages helps the veins to carry blood back to the heart and improves circulation.
Antibiotics
Wounds are even less likely to heal well if they are infected with bacteria. Depending on how severe the infection is, antibiotics may be considered. They can either be applied to the wound using an ointment or placed on the wound using a compress. Initial study results show that wounds in people with diabetic foot syndrome heal faster as a result. It’s not yet clear whether this also applies to wounds caused by other underlying diseases.
It’s also not clear whether antibiotic tablets can help: Studies haven’t shown that they have any advantages in wound healing compared to other treatments.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
In hyperbaric oxygen therapy, the person with the wound goes into a special chamber to breathe in oxygen under high pressure. This is meant to increase the oxygen concentration in their blood and improve the blood supply to the wound area.
Research suggests that hyperbaric oxygen therapy can improve the healing of wounds in people with diabetic foot syndrome.
Ultrasound and electromagnetic therapy
Ultrasound therapy involves treating chronic wounds using sound waves. The sound waves make the tissue warmer. But ultrasound therapy hasn’t been proven to help the wound heal faster.
The same is true of electromagnetic therapy, where weak electromagnetic waves are applied to the wound using pillows or mats that have magnets in them.
Vacuum-assisted closure therapy
In vacuum-assisted closure therapy (VAC therapy), the wound is covered with an airtight dressing that is connected to a pump by a thin tube.
The pump continuously sucks fluid out of the wound, creating negative pressure across the surface of the wound. The aim is to increase the flow of blood to the wound. It helps keep the wound moist too, which is also meant to improve the healing process.
Vacuum systems are used in some hospitals to treat chronic or large open wounds, for example following skin grafts. But they can also be used at home. The negative pressure is either applied to the wound around the clock or at regular time intervals.
But the pump, which is constantly attached, limits your mobility and makes noise. Some people find this annoying. Changing the dressing and tube can also be painful and cause a small amount of bleeding.
It’s not possible to say whether vacuum-assisted therapy can help in people with chronic wounds because there’s a lack of good studies in this area. It’s also not clear whether shockwave, ozone or light therapy can help.
Skin grafts
Skin grafts are considered as a treatment option if a wound is so large that it can’t close on its own. In this procedure, skin is taken from another part of your body – usually your thigh – and transplanted onto the wound.
There are also grafts that are made from human cell products and synthetic materials. Studies have shown that these increase the chances of poorly healing venous leg ulcers closing faster.
The wounds healed completely within six months in
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40 out of 100 people who had conventional treatment using wound dressings, and in
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61 out of 100 people who had a skin graft.
Chronic foot wounds also healed faster after a skin graft than after standard treatment.
What are the pain management options?
Painful chronic wounds can be a burden in daily life and also prevent you from getting a good night’s sleep. Constant pain can really wear you down, making you feel quite low or even depressed after a while.
Drugs like acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen can help ease mild to moderate pain. If they aren’t effective enough, the doctor can prescribe a stronger painkiller.
Wound dressings that contain ibuprofen are also available. There’s not enough research to be able to say how effectively they can relieve pain caused by chronic wounds.
People who have chronic pain can benefit from psychological support. Psychological treatments for pain management aim to help people cope better with the pain in everyday life.
Connie’s story: My client has been losing toes as Kaiser uses the honey mesh to cover his infection. He might have an internal infection that doesn’t go away such as MRSA. I have suggested zinc and vitamin C lozenges in the past. He is bed-ridden. And was given few months to live and still lives with our home care for the past 2 years.
