Lower Brain Glucose Levels in Brains of People With Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
Summary: Yale researchers report people with type 2 diabetes and obesity have reduced levels of glucose in their brains. The finding may help explain why obese people and those with T2DM have increased risk of eating disorders and Alzheimer’s disease.
Source: Yale.
Glucose levels are reduced in the brains of individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes compared to lean individuals, according to a new Yale study. The finding might explain disordered eating behavior — and even a higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease — among obese and diabetic individuals, the researchers said.
The study was published Oct. 19 in JCI Insight.
Both obesity and type 2 diabetes are linked to decreased metabolism in the brain. This hypometabolism is also associated with Alzheimer’s disease, but researchers have not pinpointed why. To examine the mechanism, the Yale team studied brain glucose levels in three different groups of adults: individuals who are lean and healthy, and those with either obesity or poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.
After fasting overnight, the study participants received intravenous infusions of glucose for two hours. During the infusions, the researchers used a brain scanning technique — magnetic resonance spectroscopy — to measure levels of glucose in the brain.
While blood glucose levels among the participants were similar, the researchers detected significant differences in brain glucose. Among the obese and diabetic participants, “we found decreased or blunted entry of glucose into the brain,” said first author and assistant professor of medicine Janice Hwang, M.D.
That blunting could be one mechanism that undermines the ability of the brain to sense glucose, she noted.
The researchers also rated participants’ hunger, satisfaction, and fullness before and after the infusions. “The lean people who had more glucose entry into the brain also felt more full, even though they hadn’t eaten overnight,” she said.
Hwang explained further: “Glucose is the most primitive signal to the brain that you’ve eaten. Could it be that obese individuals are not getting sugar into the brain, and not sensing it; thus the feedback loop to stop eating could also be blunted?”
The study points to the importance of sugar transport from the blood into the brain as both a target for further research and possible pharmacological intervention in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes, the researchers noted.
Other study authors are Lihong Jiang, Muhammad Hamza, Elizabeth Sanchez Rangel, Feng Dai, Renata Belfort-DeAguiar, Lisa Parikh, Brian B. Koo, Douglas L. Rothman, Graeme Mason, and Robert S. Sherwin.
Funding: This study was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health, and the Yale Center for Clinical Investigation, supported by the Clinical and Translational Science Award, the Endocrine Fellows Foundation, and the American Diabetes Association. Hwang reports research support from Pfizer and Regeneron.
Source: Ziba Kashef – Yale
Publisher: Content organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is adapted from the Yale news release.
Original Research: Full open access research for “Blunted rise in brain glucose levels during hyperglycemia in adults with obesity and T2DM” by Janice J. Hwang, Lihong Jiang, Muhammad Hamza, Elizabeth Sanchez Rangel, Feng Dai, Renata Belfort-DeAguiar, Lisa Parikh, Brian B. Koo, Douglas L. Rothman, Graeme Mason, Robert S. Sherwin in JCI Insight. Published online October 19 2017 doi:10.1172/jci.insight.95913
<http://neurosciencenews.com/brain-glucose-obesity-diabetes-7771/>.
Abstract
Blunted rise in brain glucose levels during hyperglycemia in adults with obesity and T2DM
n rodent models, obesity and hyperglycemia alter cerebral glucose metabolism and glucose transport into the brain, resulting in disordered cerebral function as well as inappropriate responses to homeostatic and hedonic inputs. Whether similar findings are seen in the human brain remains unclear. In this study, 25 participants (9 healthy participants; 10 obese nondiabetic participants; and 6 poorly controlled, insulin- and metformin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) participants) underwent 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy scanning in the occipital lobe to measure the change in intracerebral glucose levels during a 2-hour hyperglycemic clamp (glucose ~220 mg/dl). The change in intracerebral glucose was significantly different across groups after controlling for age and sex, despite similar plasma glucose levels at baseline and during hyperglycemia. Compared with lean participants, brain glucose increments were lower in participants with obesity and T2DM. Furthermore, the change in brain glucose correlated inversely with plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels during hyperglycemia. These data suggest that obesity and poorly controlled T2DM progressively diminish brain glucose responses to hyperglycemia, which has important implications for understanding not only the altered feeding behavior, but also the adverse neurocognitive consequences associated with obesity and T2DM.
“Blunted rise in brain glucose levels during hyperglycemia in adults with obesity and T2DM” by Janice J. Hwang, Lihong Jiang, Muhammad Hamza, Elizabeth Sanchez Rangel, Feng Dai, Renata Belfort-DeAguiar, Lisa Parikh, Brian B. Koo, Douglas L. Rothman, Graeme Mason, Robert S. Sherwin in JCI Insight. Published online October 19 2017 doi:10.1172/jci.insight.95913
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Antioxidants and insulin sensitivity
Levels of blood glucose rise sharply in patients with type 2 diabetes immediately following a meal. Red wine and tea contain antioxidants that help to slow the passage of glucose through the small intestine and into the bloodstream, which can prevent the blood sugar spike.
Keeping blood sugar levels normal is one of the key challenges of managing diabetes; doing so can help prevent the disease from contributing to heart disease and high blood pressure as well as damaging the eyes, kidneys, nerves and blood vessels.
In the study, researchers tested how well wine and tea could inhibit the activity of a target enzyme called alpha-glucosidase, which is responsible for triggering the absorption of glucose by the small intestine.
Red wine came out on top, as it was able to inhibit the enzyme by nearly 100 percent, compared to white wine at 20 percent.
Out of the four types of tea tested — black, oolong, white and green — black tea was most effective, followed by white tea and oolong tea.
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Antioxidants to increase sperm count
How to choose the right eye nutrients , AREDS – Age-Related Eye Disease Studies
How to choose the right eye nutrients , AREDS – Age-Related Eye Disease Studies
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What the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies Mean for You
Researchers with the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) reported in 2001 that a nutritional supplement called the AREDS formulation can reduce the risk of developing advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The original AREDS formulation contains vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, zinc and copper.
In 2006, the same research group, which is based at NIH’s National Eye Institute, began a second study called AREDS2 to determine if they could improve the AREDS formulation. They tested…
- Adding the antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin
- Adding omega-3 fatty acids
- Removing beta-carotene
- Lowering the dose of zinc
This page provides information about the results and implications of AREDS2. If you are at risk for advanced AMD or have a family member who is at risk, the questions and answers below may help you discuss using AREDS and related nutritional supplements with a health care professional.
What is the original AREDS formulation?
- 500 milligrams (mg) of vitamin C
- 400 international units of vitamin E
- 15 mg beta-carotene
- 80 mg zinc as zinc oxide
- 2 mg copper as cupric oxide
What modifications were tested in AREDS2?
- 10 mg lutein and 2 mg zeaxanthin
- 1000 mg of omega-3 fatty acids (350 mg DHA and 650 mg EPA)
- No beta-carotene
- 25 mg zinc
Why change the formulation?
Why add lutein/zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids? Previous studies had found that dietary intake of lutein/zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids is associated with a lower risk of developing advanced AMD.
Why eliminate beta-carotene? During the AREDS trial, two large trials funded by the National Cancer Institute found that beta-carotene may increase lung cancer risk among people who smoke. Lutein and zeaxanthin are in the same family of nutrients as beta-carotene and are believed to have important functions in the retina. Therefore, the researchers theorized that lutein/zeaxanthin might be a safer and possibly more effective alternative than beta-carotene.
Why reduce zinc? Although zinc was found to be an essential component of the AREDS formulation in the original trial, some nutritional experts recommended a lower dose.
What formulation should I take?
Consult your doctor or eye care professional about which supplement, if any, is right for you. The ingredients based on AREDS and AREDS2 research are:
- 500 milligrams (mg) of vitamin C
- 400 international units of vitamin E
- 80 mg zinc as zinc oxide
- 2 mg copper as cupric oxide
- 10 mg lutein and 2 mg zeaxanthin
What are lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-carotene?
Lutein, zeaxanthin, and beta-carotene belong to a family of nutrients known as carotenoids. Carotenoids are made by plants and are especially enriched in green leafy vegetables. They can be stored in animal tissues and are found at relatively low levels in animal food products. In the body, beta-carotene is used to make Vitamin A, which is required by the retina to detect light and convert it into electrical signals. Beta-carotene itself is not found in the eye. In contrast, lutein and zeaxanthin are found in the retina and lens, where they may act as natural antioxidants and help absorb damaging, high-energy blue and ultraviolet light.
What are omega-3 fatty acids?
Omega-3 fatty acids are made by marine algae and enriched in fish oils; they are believed to be responsible for the health benefits associated with regularly eating fish, including lower rates of cardiovascular disease. The AREDS2 study focused on the omega-3 fatty acids DHA and its precursor EPA. DHA is needed for the integrity of the retinal cells, and has been shown to promote retinal development and repair in prior studies.
What were the effects of changing the original AREDS formulation?
In the first AREDS trial, taking the original formulation reduced the risk of advanced AMD by about 25 percent over a five-year period. In the AREDS2 trial, adding DHA/EPA or lutein/zeaxanthin to the original formulation (containing beta-carotene) had no additional overall effect on the risk of advanced AMD. However, trial participants who took AREDS containing lutein/zeaxanthin and no beta-carotene had a slight reduction in risk of advanced AMD, compared with those who took AREDS with beta-carotene. Also, for participants with very low levels of lutein/zeaxanthin in their diet, adding these supplements to the AREDS formulation helped lower their risk of advanced AMD. Finally, former smokers who took AREDS with beta-carotene had a higher incidence of lung cancer. (Please see below for more details on the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin vs. beta-carotene.) The investigators found no significant changes in the effectiveness of the formulation when they removed beta-carotene or lowered zinc.
Who should consider taking a combination of antioxidants and zinc like those examined in AREDS and AREDS2?
People at high risk for developing advanced AMD should consider taking the antioxidant-zinc combinations examined in AREDS and AREDS2. These people are defined as having either:
- Intermediate AMD in one or both eyes. Intermediate AMD can be detected by an eye care professional, but usually involves little or no vision loss.
- Advanced AMD in one eye, but not the other eye. Advanced AMD involves either a breakdown of cells in the retina (called geographic atrophy or dry AMD), or the growth of abnormal blood vessels under the retina (called neovascular or wet AMD). Either of these forms of advanced AMD can cause vision loss.
Will taking an AREDS formulation prevent AMD?
There is no known treatment that can prevent the early stages of AMD. However, the AREDS formulations may delay progression of advanced AMD and help you keep your vision longer if you have intermediate AMD, or advanced AMD in one eye. The participants in the first AREDS trial have now been followed for 10 years, and the benefits of the AREDS formulation have persisted over this time.
Can I take a daily multivitamin if I am taking one of the AREDS formulations?
Yes. The AREDS formulation is not a substitute for a multivitamin. In the AREDS trial, two-thirds of the study participants took multivitamins along with the AREDS formulation. In AREDS2, almost nine of ten participants took multivitamins.
Can a daily multivitamin alone provide the same vision benefits as an AREDS formulation?
No. The vitamins and minerals tested in the AREDS and AREDS2 trials were provided in much higher doses than what is found in multivitamins. Also, it is important to remember that most of the trial participants took multivitamins. Taking an AREDS formulation clearly provided a benefit over and above multivitamins.
Can diet alone provide the same high levels of antioxidants and zinc as the AREDS formulations?
No. The high levels of vitamins and minerals are difficult to achieve from diet alone. However, previous studies have suggested that people who have diets rich in green, leafy vegetables—a good source of lutein/zeaxanthin—have a lower risk of developing AMD. In the AREDS2 trial, the people who seemed to benefit most from taking lutein/zeaxanthin were those who did not get much of these nutrients in their diet. Within this group, those who received lutein/zeaxanthin supplements had a 26 percent reduced risk of developing advanced AMD compared with those who did not receive the supplements.
What is the risk of lung cancer from taking beta-carotene?
In the AREDS2 trial, current smokers or those who had quit smoking less than a year before enrollment were excluded from receiving beta-carotene. Despite this precaution, lung cancers were observed in 2 percent of participants who took an AREDS formulation with beta-carotene, compared with 0.9 percent of participants who took AREDS without beta-carotene. Across both groups, about 91 percent of participants who developed lung cancer were former smokers.
How does lutein/zeaxanthin compare to beta-carotene?
Lutein/zeaxanthin has not been associated with increased cancer risk. Moreover, analysis from the AREDS2 trial suggests that it offers similar or better protective benefits against advanced AMD, compared with beta-carotene. In the trial, participants who took an AREDS formulation containing lutein/zeaxanthin (no beta-carotene) had an 18 percent lower risk of progressing to advanced AMD compared with those who took AREDS containing beta-carotene (no lutein/zeaxanthin).
Does the high-dose vitamin E in the AREDS formulations affect the risk of prostate cancer?
There have been conflicting data on the relationship between vitamin E and prostate cancer.
- In 1994, the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene (ATBC) trial found a 35 percent reduced risk of prostate cancer in men taking 50 mg of vitamin E daily for a follow-up of six years.
- In 2009, the Physicians Health Study II (PHS II) found that 400 IU of vitamin E every other day for a follow-up of eight years had no effect on the incidence of prostate cancer.
- In 2011, the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) found a 17 percent increase in the risk of prostate cancer among men taking 400 IU of vitamin E daily for a follow-up of seven years. That risk equates to 1-2 more prostate cancers per 1000 patients who took high-dose vitamin E for one year. For reasons that are unclear, men who took both vitamin E and selenium did not have an increased rate of prostate cancer.
In the AREDS trial, high-dose vitamin E had no effect on the risk of prostate cancer among male participants. The AREDS2 trial began in 2006 (before the SELECT trial was reported) and all study participants were offered an AREDS formulation containing vitamin E. A group of independent researchers monitoring the AREDS2 trial for safety noted no concerns about an increased risk prostate cancer. The final data from the study do not suggest a higher rate of prostate cancer among male participants than expected in an aging male population.
If you have concerns about vitamin E and prostate cancer, it is important to understand that many factors influence the risk of prostate cancer, including age, family history and race. Visit the National Cancer Institute web site for more information about prostate cancer risk factors(link is external), and talk to your health care provider about the possible risks and benefits from taking vitamin E supplements.
Are there any other side effects or risks from taking the AREDS formulations?
Many older Americans take prescription medications, and a considerable number use over-the-counter drugs, dietary supplements, and herbal medicines. High-dose supplemental nutrients can sometimes interfere with medications and compete with other vital nutrients for absorption into the body. Individuals who are considering taking an AREDS formulation should discuss this with their primary care doctors and/or eye care professionals.
Last Updated: July 2017
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Antioxidants to increase sperm count
Everyday chemicals may be lowering your sperm count, scrambling DNA sperm data, or causing sperm mobility problems. Antioxidants can prevent toxic substances from killing your sperms, you can find AGELOC family of supplements (zinc, vitamin C, Vitamin B complex, Vitamin D) here that resets your gene expression to a younger you:
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Antioxidants—In addition to Dr. Clark’s study above, other studies have confirmed the benefits of antioxidants for male reproductive health. According to researchers at the University of Portsmouth, one bowl of tomato soup—which is high in lycopene—per day can boost a man’s fertility up to 12 percent. It’s believed that antioxidants may remove free radicals that have a negative impact on sperm.
You might already know that narrow bike seats and antidepressants can cause problems. MSN lists seven more you might not have heard about:
1. Cash register receipts
About 40 percent of receipts are coated with bisphenol-A (BPA), which has been linked to fertility problems and low sperm count and quality.
2. Canned food
The biggest source of BPA contamination is food packaging; almost all metal cans are coated with a BPA resin.
3. Sex toys
Sex toys made of out vinyl contain phthalates, which are linked to cancer, allergies, birth defects, and infertility.
4. Your shower
Phthalates are also found in scented soaps, shampoos, and cleaners — and in vinyl shower curtains.
5. Chemical-laced produce
Pesticides are meant to kill insect, but they can also affect your sperm.
6. Heated car seats
Heated car seats and heating pads increase testicular temperatures enough to decrease sperm production.
7. Contaminated fish
PCBs are a type of banned chemical, but enough remain in the environment to accumulate in fish.
Dr. Mercola’s Comments:
Infertility is more common than you might think these days. An estimated 1 in 6 American couples struggle with getting pregnant each year and there’s compelling evidence that lifestyle is in large part to blame.
Not only are you exposed to hundreds (if not thousands) of toxins each and every day, but some of the most commonly-prescribed drugs, poor diet, and common vitamin deficiencies have also been linked to reduced fertility, just to name a few.
The MSN article above primarily focuses on endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which affect your hormones and have been shown to cause reproductive problems in both men and women. I will review these below, and then expand on several other commonly-ignored factors that contribute to rising infertility rates.
Two of the Most Common Chemicals Linked to Reproductive Problems
Hormone-disrupting chemicals are profoundly pervasive in today’s modern world. They lurk in personal care products, food containers, medical tubing, toys and more. Bisphenol-A (BPA) and phthalates are two of the most well known culprits.
Bisphenol A (BPA)
BPA is a common ingredient in many plastics, including those in water bottles and children’s toys, as well as the lining of most canned goods. It was recently discovered that even many cash register receipts contain this chemical.
BPA is so pervasive it has been detected in the umbilical cord blood of 90 percent of newborn infants tested!
Recent studies have confirmed suspicions that BPA is affecting male fertility, primarily by reducing semen quality. One such study, which provides the first epidemiological evidence of an adverse effect on semen quality, was published in the journal Fertility and Sterility. The study included 218 men with and without BPA exposure in the workplace, in four regions of China.
The researchers found that higher urine levels of BPA were significantly associated with:
Decreased sperm concentration
Decreased total sperm count
Decreased sperm vitality
Decreased sperm motility
Compared with those who did not have detectable levels, the men with detectable levels of BPA had more than:
three times the risk of lowered sperm concentration and lower sperm vitality
four times the risk of lower sperm count
twice the risk of lower sperm motility
According to the authors:
“Similar dose-response associations were observed among men with environmental BPA exposure at levels comparable with those in the U.S population.”
In women, BPA can also reduce your chances of successful in vitro fertilization (IVF) by interfering with ococyte (immature egg cell) quality. Two recent studies attest to this. One, published last December, found an inverse association between BPA concentration and normal fertilization, and the other, published earlier last year found that “BPA was detected in the urine of the majority of women undergoing IVF, and was inversely associated with number of oocytes retrieved and peak estradiol levels.”
Phthalates
Phthalates are another group of chemicals that wreak havoc with your reproductive health. Exposure to phthalates can lead to incomplete testicular descent in fetuses, reduced sperm counts, testicular atrophy or structural abnormality and inflammation in newborns.
Phthalates are commonly found in vinyl flooring, detergents, automotive plastics, soap, shampoo, deodorants, fragrances, hair spray, nail polish, plastic bags, food packaging, garden hoses, inflatable toys, blood-storage bags, intravenous medical tubing, and yes, even sex toys, as pointed out by MSN.
Other Common Chemicals Linked to Fertility Problems
While BPA and phthalates have gotten most of the media attention, there are a number of chemicals that fall into this harmful category. Others to look out for include:
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) — Found in grease- and water-resistant coatings like Teflon and Gore-Tex, is a likely carcinogen.
Methoxychlor and Vinclozin– An insecticide and a fungicide respectively, have been found to cause changes to male mice born for as many as four subsequent generations after the initial exposure.
Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) — Known to be potent endocrine disrupters, these chemicals affect gene expression by turning on or off certain genes, and interfere with the way your glandular system works. They mimic the female hormone estrogen, and have been implicated as one reason behind some marine species switching from male to female.
Bovine growth hormones commonly added to commercial dairy have been implicated as a contributor to premature adolescence.
Non-fermented soy products, which are loaded with hormone-like substances.
MSG — A food additive that’s been linked to reduced fertility.
Fluoride — This chemical in the U.S. water supply has been linked to lower fertility rates, hormone disruption and low sperm counts.
Vitamin D Deficiency Linked to Infertility
As I mentioned at the beginning of this article, toxic chemicals are not the only factors that play a part in rising infertility rates. In recent years, researchers have also identified vitamin D as an integral part of men’s reproductive health.
You may have heard that pregnant women are advised to get more vitamin D to promote fertility and ensure a healthy baby, but vitamin D is equally important for the father-to-be!
One 2008 infertility study revealed that vitamin D deficiency is common among men who are unable to impregnate their partners—almost a third of the 800 infertile men included in the study had lower than normal levels of vitamin D.
(Bear in mind here that “normal” does not equal “optimal.” So, by optimal standards, the rate of vitamin D deficiency was likely far higher than one-third.)
According to lead researcher Dr. Anne Clark, a fertility specialist:
“Vitamin D and folate deficiency are known to be associated with infertility in women, but the outcomes of the screening among men in our study group came as a complete surprise. Men in the study group who agreed to make lifestyle changes and take dietary supplements had surprisingly good fertility outcomes.”
In fact, of the 100 men who agreed to make and maintain certain lifestyle changes for three months prior to fertility treatment, 11 of them went on to achieve pregnancy naturally, without IVF treatment.
Lifestyle changes included quitting smoking, minimizing intake of caffeine and alcohol, weight reduction, along with a course of vitamins and antioxidants.
“The results clearly show that lifestyle changes and dietary supplements can be beneficial for the conception of a healthy on-going pregnancy,” Dr Clark said.
Another study published in November 2009 confirms these results as researchers discovered that human sperm does in fact have a vitamin D receptor.
Analysis also indicated that vitamin D is produced locally in the sperm, which suggests that vitamin D may be involved in the signaling between cells in the reproductive system. According to the authors, the study revealed “an unexpected significance of this hormone [vitamin D] in the acquisition of fertilizing ability,” and the results imply that vitamin D is involved in a variety of sperm signaling pathways.
Fertility – What Does Vitamins Have to Do With It?
So, it now seems quite clear you can add infertility to the list of health ailments that are made worse by too little sun exposure. But other vitamins and minerals can also be helpful in this area.
For example, did you know that vitamin C increases sperm quality and mobility?
Vitamin C — In one study, infertile men who were given 1,000 mg of vitamin C twice daily improved their sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm morphology.
The researchers stated vitamin C could be important as an additional supplement to improve semen quality and increase chances of a natural conception. Vitamin C is abundant in oranges, strawberries and sweet potatoes.
Vitamin E & Selenium — Vitamin E and selenium can also improve sperm motility. One study published in the Archives of Andrology confirmed the protective and beneficial effects of vitamin E and selenium on semen quality, and supported their use in male infertility treatment.
Men who are deficient in vitamin B12 can also suffer from poor motility (where the sperm don’t swim very well) so it is thought that taking this vitamin may be helpful as well.
Zinc — If low testosterone is the cause, zinc may help. In one study, 37 infertile men were given 60mgs of zinc a day for six weeks. 22 of the men with low testosterone dramatically increased their sperm counts and their testosterone, and 9 out of the 22 spouses became pregnant during the study. Good sources of zinc include nuts and seeds.
Antioxidants—In addition to Dr. Clark’s study above, other studies have confirmed the benefits of antioxidants for male reproductive health. According to researchers at the University of Portsmouth, one bowl of tomato soup—which is high in lycopene—per day can boost a man’s fertility up to 12 percent. It’s believed that antioxidants may remove free radicals that have a negative impact on sperm.
As usual, if you want to try the vitamin therapy approach, I recommend you try to get most of your vitamins naturally, from the food you eat. A whole food diet based on your nutritional type, and avoiding processed foods, is the best way to ensure you’re getting sufficient amounts of essential vitamins and minerals.
In the case of vitamin D, your best source is sun exposure. However, during winter months you may need to take a supplement, or use a safe tanning bed to maintain optimal vitamin D levels.
You should also be aware that certain drugs can interfere with your vitamin D absorption and metabolism, including cholestyramine (Questran), Dilantin, and phenobarbital. Additionally, because vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, any drug or substance that interferes with fat absorption may cause problems, as may a low-fat diet.
Diet, Weight and Infertility
As I’ve mentioned before, insulin resistance is an underlying factor responsible for most chronic disease, and it should come as no surprise that it plays a role in fertility as well, for men and women alike.
One 2008 paper published in the Journal of Andrology explains how metabolic syndrome (characterized by obesity and insulin resistance) is connected with reduced fertility as follows:
“Adverse effects of obesity on male fertility are postulated to occur through several mechanisms. First, peripheral conversion of testosterone to estrogen in excess peripheral adipose tissue may lead to secondary hypogonadism through hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis inhibition. Second, oxidative stress at the level of the testicular microenvironment may result in decreased spermatogenesis and sperm damage. Lastly, the accumulation of suprapubic and inner thigh fat may result in increased scrotal temperatures in severely obese men.”
Celiac disease (gluten intolerance) has also been linked to fertility problems in both sexes. In men, it’s associated with abnormal sperm, such as lower sperm numbers, altered shape, and reduced function. Men with untreated celiac disease may also have lower testosterone levels.
As with any other health problem, optimizing your insulin levels is very important for fertility, as is identifying potential gluten intolerance.
The treatment strategy for both is to reduce or eliminate grains along with sugars, especially fructose.
Some Drugs Can Also Cause Infertility
Prescription drugs can also throw a wrench in the works when you’re trying to conceive. While statin drugs have been shown to reduce your ability to achieve orgasm, especially in men, other drugs are known to cause infertility.
SSRI antidepressants are particularly notorious, and studies have linked SSRI’s with reduced sperm count and motility. Common side effects of many antidepressants also include impotence and delayed ejaculation.
How to Protect Your Reproductive Health
As you can see, there’s no shortage of assailants on your reproductive health, from diet and vitamin deficiencies to drugs, to a plethora of toxic exposures. If you’re planning a pregnancy, all of these are issues you’ll want to pay attention to.
And then there’s the issue of electromagnetic fields (EMF), which can also harm sperm quality! I haven’t even touched on that issue here, but you can read more about it in this previous article.
Optimizing your vitamin D levels, modifying your diet to normalize your insulin levels (i.e. avoid sugar/fructose/grains), and avoiding harmful drugs are a given. But how do you protect yourself from the onslaught of toxic chemicals?
It can seem like an impossible task, but there are a number of practical strategies you can implement to limit your exposure to endocrine disruptors and other common toxins. Here are one dozen practical measures you can take to protect yourself and your family from common toxic substances that may wreak havoc with your reproductive health:
As much as possible, purchase and consume organic produce and free-range, organic foods to reduce your exposure to pesticides and fertilizers.
Rather than eating conventional or farm-raised fish, which are often heavily contaminated with EDCs, PCBs and mercury, supplement with a high-quality purified fish or krill oil, or eat fish that is wild-caught and lab tested for purity.
Eat mostly raw, fresh foods, steering clear of processed, prepackaged foods of all kinds. This way you automatically avoid hidden fructose and artificial food additives of all kinds, including dangerous artificial sweeteners, food coloring and MSG.
Store your food and beverages in glass rather than plastic, and avoid using plastic wrap.
Have your tap water tested and, if contaminants are found, install an appropriate water filter on all your faucets (even those in your shower or bath).
Only use natural cleaning products in your home.
Switch over to natural brands of toiletries such as shampoo, toothpaste, antiperspirants and cosmetics. The Environmental Working Group has a great safety guide to help you find personal care products that are free of phthalates and other potentially dangerous chemicals. I also offer one of the highest quality organic skin care lines, shampoo and conditioner, and body butter that are completely natural and safe.
Avoid using artificial air fresheners, dryer sheets, fabric softeners or other synthetic fragrances.
Replace your Teflon pots and pans with ceramic or glass cookware.
When redoing your home, look for “green,” toxin-free alternatives in lieu of regular paint and vinyl floor coverings.
Avoid using pesticides and herbicides around your home, and opt for organic varieties instead.
Replace your vinyl shower curtain with one made of fabric or install glass shower doors.
Increasing Rates of Male Infertility + 5 Natural Remedies
Dr Axe
Is a Western lifestyle to blame for increased rates of male infertility? All signs are pointing to yes. According to a recent report, sperm counts of men in North America, Australia, Europe and New Zealand have dropped by more than 50 percent in less than four decades, and show no signs of stopping.
Why is this occurring? And can be stopped/slowed down by adopting natural infertility treatments?
Increasing Rate of Male Infertility: What the Study Says
Researchers originally examined more than 7,500 studies published that looked at sperm counts and concentrations between 1973 and 2011. (1) Then, they conducted a meta-analysis of the 185 studies that met their criteria. These included studies of men who either didn’t know if they were fertile — like they’d never tried to have kids — and those who were known to be fertile. They eliminated any studies where men were suspected of being infertile. The studies were spread over the time period and included nearly 43,000 men in 50 different countries.
The findings were startling. The analysis found there was an almost 60 percent decline in the total sperm count over the nearly four decades. Importantly, researchers looked only at studies published after 1995, and it doesn’t seem like the decline in male fertility is slowing down.
Male infertility isn’t just related to procreation, either. Oftentimes, a decrease in sperm count is an indicator of an increased risk in premature death. (2) In fact, the study called it a “canary in the coal mine” for male health. And though the researchers didn’t set out to figure out why sperm counts were decreasing, they floated several theories, including environmental and lifestyle influences.
So what are the causes of male infertility the study suggests? Let’s take a closer look.
Causes of Male Infertility
What are the causes of male infertility? While there are a number of male infertility causes, ranging from hormone imbalances and certain medications to infections and chromosome defects, we’re going to focus on environmental and lifestyle factors today. (3)
For starters, what is the percentage of male infertility? It’s hard to come across hard figures, but studies suggest that in North America, male infertility is between 4 and 6 percent. (4) In cases of couples attempting to conceive, in about 1/3 of the cases, infertility is caused by male reproductive issues. (5)
What are the causes of male infertility? One of the reasons why so many scientists suspect manmade factors, like lifestyle and environment, for the increasing rate of male infertility is that the changes are happening too quickly to be attributed to genetics. These include both prenatal and adulthood exposure.
Prenatal
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Prenatal endocrine disruption because of chemical exposure is one major reason scientists believe male infertility is on the rise. (6, 7) Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, or EDCs, are all around us. They include things like phthalates, triclosan (yes, the stuff in your anti-bacterial gel!) and BPAs.
These substances interfere with our endocrine system, which regulates all of our body’s hormones and biological processes. And when EDCs mess with our endocrine systems, it can have serious developmental, reproductive, neurological and immune effects. Unfortunately, damage is thought to be most serious during prenatal or early pregnancy exposure.
EDCs are especially tricky because even teeny doses of exposure can have serious effects, but it can be years or even decades until the health impact fully manifests.
Smoking. Hopefully, you’re already well aware of the impact that smoking has on your health. In fact, it’s the leading preventable cause of death in America — causing more deaths than HIV, illegal drug use, alcohol use, car accidents and firearm-related incidents combined. (8)
But while smoking as an adult can affect infertility in men (more on that later), prenatal exposure to smoking can play a role, too. One small study found that European men who had prenatal exposure to smoking had a 20 percent lower sperm density than those without. (9) Exposure to second-hand smoke may play a role, too.
Adult life
Exposure to pesticides. In the last 40 years, we’ve been exposed to a variety of pesticides that haven’t always been around, like Monsanto Roundup. All of these pesticides are affecting male infertility, and we’re not always sure exactly how, because enough research hasn’t yet been done. Remnants of pesticides can stay on our foods long after the pesticide has been sprayed. There’s also pesticide drift, where the chemicals travel even to foods that haven’t been sprayed with pesticides.
Is it just a coincidence that male infertility has increased in the last four decades, around the same time that powerful pesticides have come into play? It could be, but I find that unlikely.
Smoking. As I mentioned before, smoking affects male infertility. There are more than 4,000 toxins in tobacco smoke, which combine to harm male fertility.
If you’re a smoker, you can expect lower-quality semen, reduced sperm function, a dysfunctional reproductive hormonal system, impaired sperm maturation and other reproductive side effects. (10)
How much you’re smoking matters, too. Heavy smokers are likely to experience more negative effects in their fertility than casual smokers, though, to be clear, any type of smoking can have an effect on male infertility. (11, 12)
Stress. We already know that chronic stress is harmful to your health. Did you know that it also plays a role in a man’s fertility?
Men who are stressed tend to have lower sperm concentrations during ejaculation and reduced sperm quality, which makes it more difficult for a sperm to fertilize an egg. This holds true even once other health issues are accounted for. (13)
Obesity. Obesity has been on the rise in the past few decades, and it’s playing a role in male infertility. While we’ve known for some time that an obese woman may have difficulty conceiving, an obese male partner plays a role, too. It seems that obesity affects the sperm’s ability to fertilize an egg. (14) This is likely due to impaired semen quality.
Obesity comes with its own set of other health issues, too, which can affect male infertility, like hormonal changes and sexual dysfunction. (15)
U.S. abortion rate fell 25 percent from 2008 to 2014; one on four women have an abortion
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Should You Drink Red Wine?
No doubt about it, red wine contains lots of antioxidants, namely polyphenols, which are known to fight free radicals and reduce your risk of a number of degenerative conditions from cancer and heart disease to neurodegenerative diseases.
And resveratrol, perhaps the most talked about antioxidant in red wine, may even extend your lifespan.
So should you have a glass now and then?
In my opinion, no. This is largely because, despite the other healthy properties in red wine, the alcohol itself is actually a neurotoxin, which means it can poison your brain. Additionally, it has the strong potential to seriously disrupt your delicate hormone balance. This may be why if you drink heavy amounts of beer and spirits you may double your risk of developing colorectal tumors.
You also need to be aware that consuming large amounts of wine will increase insulin levels and eventually have a negative impact on your health. This is especially important for people who already show signs of insulin resistance, such as high blood pressure, extra weight, high cholesterol, and, yes, diabetes.
This is contradictory to the study above, which found that wine actually benefits blood sugar. Well, keep in mind that this study only looked at wine’s ability to inhibit the activity of a single target enzyme, and not how it would impact your entire system.
Having said that, it is important to understand some important facts about resveratrol. Because this antioxidant is soluble in alcohol, you will get far more absorption if you consume it in an alcohol base as opposed to swallowing it from a pill. So while there are clearly distinct and negative consequences to consuming alcohol, these are partially compensated for by its ability to increase the absorption of resveratrol into your blood where it performs its magic.
Keep in mind, though, that if you decide to drink red wine, you need to check on the growing conditions of the grapes and how the wine is made. If the wine isn’t made with organic grapes, it may contain no resveratrol at all.
Should You Drink Tea?
Like wine, tea is packed with antioxidants that are great for your health. Research has indicated that tea could have beneficial effects including:
And one component of tea, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), could also help prevent psoriasis, prostate cancer and colon tumors. Several studies have also found that EGCG can improve exercise performance, increase fat oxidation and prevent obesity, as it’s known to have a regulatory effect on fat metabolism.
So should you make a cup of tea, or a few of them, part of your day?
Well, next to pure water, high-quality tea is one of the most nutritious beverages you can consume. Personally, I’ve begun to include matcha green tea from 100 percent, quality tea leaves as a regular part of my diet.
How Else Can You Regulate Your Blood Sugar?
Please don’t misconstrue — there are many ways to improve your health and your blood sugar levels that don’t involve drinking anything. Among the most powerful:
1. Find out your nutritional type. Nearly all type 2 diabetics need to swap out their grains and sugars for other foods, however, some of you will benefit from using protein for the substitution, while others will benefit from using more vegetable-only carbohydrates. Which one is determined by your nutritional type.
2. Exercise. Regular physical activity helps to stabilize your blood sugar and make your cells more responsive to insulin. So get moving!
3. Use cinnamon. If you enjoy this spice, feel free to sprinkle it on your food generously — it’s known to help control blood sugar levels. Though this doesn’t address the underlying causes of type 2 diabetes like the first two tips do, it’s still an inexpensive, and safe, tool to add to your collection.
Connie’s comments:
Greens, ginger, garlic, onions, massage, de-stressing, exercise, adequate sleep are all factors that can help regulate your sugar blood levels.
Effects of antioxidant supplementation on insulin sensitivity, endothelial adhesion molecules, and oxidative stress in normal-weight and overweight young adults.
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine whether short-term antioxidant (AOX) supplementation affects insulin sensitivity, endothelial adhesion molecule levels, and oxidative stress in overweight young adults.
A randomized, double-blind, controlled study tested the effects of AOXs on measures of insulin sensitivity (homeostasis model assessment [HOMA]) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index), endothelial adhesion molecules (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular adhesion molecule, and endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1), adiponectin, and oxidative stress (lipid hydroperoxides) in overweight and normal-weight individuals (N = 48, 18-30 years).
Participants received either AOX (vitamin E, 800 IU; vitamin C, 500 mg; beta-carotene, 10 mg) or placebo for 8 weeks. The HOMA values were initially higher in the overweight subjects and were lowered with AOX by week 8 (15% reduction, P = .02).
Adiponectin increased in both AOX groups. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 decreased in overweight AOX-treated groups by 6% and 13%, respectively (P < .05).
Plasma lipid hydroperoxides were reduced by 0.31 and 0.70 nmol/mL in the normal-weight and overweight AOX-treated groups, respectively, by week 8 (P < .05). Antioxidant supplementation moderately lowers HOMA and endothelial adhesion molecule levels in overweight young adults.
A potential mechanism to explain this finding is the reduction in oxidative stress by AOX.