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What is some of the biochemistry behind anxiety?

What is some of the biochemistry behind anxiety? by Connie b. Dellobuono

Answer by Connie b. Dellobuono:

From Wiki:
Neural circuitry involving the amygdala (which regulates emotions like anxiety and fear, stimulating the HPA Axis and sympathetic nervous system) and hippocampus (which is implicated in emotional memory along with the amygdala) is thought to underlie anxiety.[45] People who suffer from anxiety tend to show high activity in response to emotional stimuli in the amygdala.[46] Some writers believe that excessive anxiety can lead to an overpotentiation of the limbic system (which includes the amygdala and nucleus accumbens), giving increased future anxiety, but this does not appear to have been proven.[47][48]
Research upon adolescents who as infants had been highly apprehensive, vigilant, and fearful finds that their nucleus accumbens is more sensitive than that in other people when deciding to make an action that determined whether they received a reward.[49] This suggests a link between circuits responsible for fear and also reward in anxious people. As researchers note, "a sense of 'responsibility', or self agency, in a context of uncertainty (probabilistic outcomes) drives the neural system underlying appetitive motivation (i.e., nucleus accumbens) more strongly in temperamentally inhibited than noninhibited adolescents".[49]
From http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4309892/
Depression, anxiety disorders, and metabolic syndrome in a population at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Study data showed that in a high-risk group for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) , there is association between depressive disorders and metabolic syndrome (MetS), pointing to a similar role of anxiety disorders. Screening for anxiety and depression is recommended in this group at risk for T2DM.
For happy foods (dopamine rich foods), check http://www.clubalthea.com

What is some of the biochemistry behind anxiety?

Is it safe to take asprin with Inderal?

Is it safe to take asprin with Inderal? by Connie b. Dellobuono

Answer by Connie b. Dellobuono:

Both are contra for asthma. The following are drug effects when taken together over 10years:
•angioedema
•swollen tongue
•exhaustion, fatigue, lethargy, tiredness, weariness
•malaise
•anxiety, apprehension, feeling uptight, jitters, stress, stress and anxiety, tension
•chronic depression
•hematuria
•hot flashes
•lightheadedness – dizzy
•panic attacks
—-
Most neuro meds are acidic. These are heart meds but has the effect of neuro meds: dizziness,headache,nausea..

Is it safe to take asprin with Inderal?

Are brain and gut serotonin pools & biosynthesis cycles independent from each other?

Are brain and gut serotonin pools & biosynthesis cycles independent from each other? by Connie b. Dellobuono

Answer by Connie b. Dellobuono:

SNA efferents from gut to brain and SNA afferents from brain to gut. This interaction between microbiota and GBA appears to be bidirectional, namely through signaling from gut-microbiota to brain and from brain to gut-microbiota by means of neural, endocrine, immune, and humoral links. This interaction determines most mental health issues such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Anxiety.
Microbiome gut-brain axis structure is explained in:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367209/figure/F1/
The central nervous system and in particular hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis (in dashed line) can be activated in response to environmental factors, such as emotion or stress. HPA is finalized to cortisol release and is driven by a complex interaction between amygdala (AMG), hippocampus (HIPP), and hypothalamus (HYP), constituting the limbic system. HYP secretion of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) stimulates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion from pituitary gland that, in turn, leads to cortisol release from the adrenal glands. In parallel, central nervous system communicate along both afferent and efferent autonomic pathways (SNA) with different intestinal targets such as enteric nervous system (ENS), muscle layers and gut mucosa, modulating motility, immunity, permeability and secretion of mucus. The enteric microbiota has a bidirectional communication with these intestinal targets, modulating gastrointestinal functions and being itself modulated by brain-gut interactions

Are brain and gut serotonin pools & biosynthesis cycles independent from each other?

How can I manage a pinched nerve without meds?

How can I manage a pinched nerve without meds? by Connie b. Dellobuono

Answer by Connie b. Dellobuono:

Vitamin B complex, pineapple and turmeric/ginger for nerve pain. Dr Mercola wrote herbs for pain relief:
Astaxanthin: One of the most effective fat-soluble antioxidants known, astaxanthin also has potent anti-inflammatory properties and in many cases works more effectively than anti-inflammatory drugs. Higher doses are typically required—you may need 8 mg or more per day to achieve this benefit.
Ginger: This herb has potent anti-inflammatory activity and offers pain relief and stomach-settling properties. Fresh ginger works well steeped in boiling water as a tea or grated into vegetable juice.
Curcumin: In a study of osteoarthritis patients, those who added 200 mg of curcumin a day to their treatment plan had reduced pain and increased mobility. A prior study also found that turmeric extract (rich in curcuminoids) blocked inflammatory pathways, effectively preventing the overproduction of a protein that triggers swelling and pain.
Boswellia: Also known as boswellin or "Indian frankincense," this herb contains specific active anti-inflammatory agents. This is one of my personal favorites as I have seen it work well with many rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Krill Oil: Many clinical studies have found the omega-3 fats EPA and DHA, contained in krill oil, to have anti-inflammatory properties beneficial for pain.
Bromelain: This enzyme, found in pineapples, is a natural anti-inflammatory. Bromelain can be taken in supplement form, but eating fresh pineapple, including some of the bromelain-rich stem, may also be helpful.
Cetyl Myristoleate (CMO): This oil, found in fish and dairy butter, acts as a "joint lubricant" and anti-inflammatory. I have used a topical CMO preparation myself to relieve ganglion cysts and a mildly annoying carpal tunnel syndrome that pops up when I type too much on non-ergonomic keyboards.
Evening Primrose, Black Currant, and Borage Oils: These contain the essential fatty acid gamma linolenic acid (GLA), which is useful for treating arthritic pain.
Capsaicin Cream: Capsaicin comes from dried hot peppers and has pain-relief and anti-inflammatory properties. Capsaicin depletes your body's supply of substance P, a chemical component of the pain signals your nerve cells transmit to your brain. It is available in pain-relieving creams and patches, and has shown promise for relieving shingles pain, osteoarthritis, psoriasis, and more.

How can I manage a pinched nerve without meds?

Is multiple sclerosis genetic?

Is multiple sclerosis genetic? by Connie b. Dellobuono

Answer by Connie b. Dellobuono:

No. The cause of multiple sclerosis is unknown. It's considered an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. In the case of MS, this immune system malfunction destroys myelin (the fatty substance that coats and protects nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord.
1. Immune system (can be related to microbiome of our guts – we need good bacteria)
2. Myelin sheath that connects our neurons (can be caused by toxic metals/substances)
Dr Mercola wrote:
How to Treat Multiple Sclerosis Without Dangerous Drugs
Many of the recommended strategies for MS are identical to the general-health principles I've been teaching for years, but a few stand out as being specifically applicable to the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as MS.
•Optimize your vitamin D levels – This is an essential step, and while the optimal level for general health lies between 50-70 ng/ml, when treating diseases such as cancer, heart disease, or autoimmune diseases, your level should ideally be somewhere between 70-100 ng/ml. The preferred method to raise (and maintain) your vitamin D levels is by regularly exposing large amounts of your skin to sunshine, or by using a safe tanning bed. If neither is available, you can use an oral supplement of vitamin D3.
Keep in mind that the daily recommended allowance (RDA) is woefully inadequate! Depending on your situation, you may need anywhere from 4,000 to 10,000 IU's a day… As a general guideline, vitamin D experts recommend taking 35 IU's per pound per day. However, you must get your vitamin D level tested prior to starting, and regularly thereafter, to evaluate the success of the dose you're taking. This is the only way to determine the ideal dosage, as it's highly individual and dependent on a variety of factors.
•Optimize your essential fat intake – Secondly, you need to make sure you're getting a good supply of animal-based omega-3 fats, such as krill oil. You also need to avoid damaged, processed fats found in most all processed foods. Especially damaging are the omega-6 fats found in soy-, canola-, and corn oil. These are usually highly oxidized and also contain trans fats and cyclic fats that imbed themselves into your cell membranes, distorting the cellular functions.
•Eliminate sugar, particularly fructose – Another crucial element is to eliminate as much sugar and fructose as possible from your diet. Cutting out processed foods and sweetened beverages will go a long way to reduce excess fructose, in addition to eliminating the majority of damaging fats in your diet. You simply must keep your daily total fructose intake below 25 grams.
If you haven't yet grasped the toxic nature and profound health dangers of fructose, now's the time to get with it. Sugar can contribute to the development of a number of autoimmune diseases, such as arthritis, asthma, and multiple sclerosis. It also increases uric acid levels, which leads to chronic, low-level inflammation, which has far-reaching consequences for your health.
•Eliminate pasteurized milk and dairy—This is another critical element. Studies have shown that cow's milk consumption is correlated with MS prevalence (Neuroepidemiology 1992;11:304-12, and Neuroepidemiology 1993;12:15-27).
• Avoid aspartame or commercial fruit juices. Aspartame rapidly metabolizes to methanol a potent neurotoxin. Additionally fruits and vegetables are also loaded with methanol but when they are consumed fresh it is bound to pectin and your body does not have the enzymes to break it down. However when fruits and vegetables are processed and put into glass jars or cans the methanol dissociates and can be liberated in high quantities.
•Eat plenty of raw food – This is an important principle for optimal health that I normally recommend for everyone. However, I've found that for people with severe autoimmune disease, it's even more important. Some of the most dramatic improvements we've seen in patients using nutritional changes have come about as the result of eating their food raw instead of cooked. That includes free-range organic eggs and high-quality, organic meats as well.

Is multiple sclerosis genetic?

What are the best herbs for the brain to avoid dementia or Alzheimer’s?

What are the best herbs for the brain to avoid dementia or Alzheimer's? by Connie b. Dellobuono

Answer by Connie b. Dellobuono:

I will start with detox herbs such as cilantro (metal detox), rosemary (rich in Vit C), lemon grass, turmeric, ginger, garlic, peppermint and all whole foods.
I will then nourish the brain with omega 3 (wild salmon), happy foods (eggs,yams,banana,pineapple) and clean my gut with pickled veggies (acidophilus).
And get rid of too much sugar, stress, lack of sleep and volunteer more, garden and love more.

What are the best herbs for the brain to avoid dementia or Alzheimer's?

Parkinson and Alzheimer’s start with Depression

Much of the current clinical research surrounds the frequency and impact of nonmotor symptoms in PD, which are common but often underrecognized and, in turn, undertreated. For example, depression is present in about 50% of patients, anxiety in 30%, impulse control disorders in 14%, and cognitive change occurs in up to 80%.16,,18 Since the development of the first set, there has been no change in the fact that nonmotor symptoms need to be recognized but compliance with these measures has been low.11 There continues to be a gap in care. There is increasing evidence that cognitive dysfunction, psychiatric disorders, and sleep and autonomic symptoms are a primary part of the disease process in PD and that many are treatable.


For people who develop Alzheimer’s disease (AD), depressive symptoms and other “noncognitive” changes may occur before any of the hallmark memory and thinking problems associated with the disease, according to a new study published in the journal Neurology.

Researchers analyzed the performance of approximately 2,400 Americans ages 50 and older on various assessments of psychological health, behavior, and the ability to perform daily activities.

Specifically, within the first four years of the study, 30 percent of the participants who would later go on to develop dementia already showed depressive symptoms, such as significantly decreased energy, apathy, and increased preference for staying home. By comparison, only about 15 percent of people who didn’t develop dementia showed depressive symptoms.

Can depression increase Alzheimer’s risk?

Can depression increase Alzheimer's risk? by Emmanuel Fabella

Answer by Emmanuel Fabella:

The relationship between Depression and Alzheimer's is not conclusive, but there is evidence of increased risk, which I present below.
 
As alluded to by other responders, depression can itself cause Pseudodementia, which has its own attendant declines in memory and cognition.
 
Depression and Alzheimer's often coexist, with each condition likely exacerbating the other.
 
A 2008 study published in Neurology found increased risk of Alzheimer's Disease in people with previous episodes of depression, although the authors pointed out that their data could not differentiate between causation and mere association.
 

The study involved 486 people age 60 to 90 who had no dementia. Of those, 134 people had experienced at least one episode of depression that prompted them to seek medical advice.
 
The participants were followed for an average of six years. During that time 33 people developed Alzheimer's disease. People who had experienced depression were 2.5 times more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease than people who had never had depression. The risk was even higher for those whose depression occurred before the age of 60; they were nearly four times more likely to develop Alzheimer's than those with no depression.    

"We don't know yet whether depression contributes to the development of Alzheimer's disease or whether another unknown factor causes both depression and dementia,"  said study author Monique M.B. Breteler, MD, PhD, with the Erasmus University Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.  "We'll need to do more studies to understand the relationship between depression and dementia."
 
One theory was that depression leads to loss of cells in two areas of the brain, the hippocampus and the amygdala, which then contributes to Alzheimer's disease. But this study found no difference in the size of these two brain areas between people with depression and people who had never had depression.
 
From: Depression Increases Risk of Alzheimer's Disease

Can depression increase Alzheimer's risk?

Is there more to heart disease management than taking medicine, eating healthy and exercising?

Is there more to heart disease management than taking medicine, eating healthy and exercisi… by Connie b. Dellobuono

Answer by Connie b. Dellobuono:

Avoid vigorous exercise, work to exhaustion, emotional stress, heat from too much exposure to sun's radiation, standing all day with no hydration, pollution, not clean water and not eating whole foods. But most important is avoiding bacteria and virus from entering the body esp, mouth, teeth and other point of entry including the skin (largest organ in the body). Deep breathing, avoiding sugar and too much alcohol and infection. Do not over medicate, know drug interactions. Up Vitamin C intake, eating orange peels, parsley and onion-family (sulfur rich foods – colored ones). Take acidophilus and eat pickled veggies. Have good vowel and sunshine in the morn before 9am. Sleeping well and eating between 5am to 5pm. Drinking water when thirsty in the middle of the night. And a love one nearby to know of any ominous signs of heart issues.

Is there more to heart disease management than taking medicine, eating healthy and exercising?

How is a dopamine and serotonin deficiency problem fixed?

How is a dopamine and serotonin deficiency problem fixed? by Connie b. Dellobuono

Answer by Connie b. Dellobuono:

Volunteering and helping others help in depression. During this age, 18 yrs old, we have increasing supply of hormones that is making an imbalance in our system. Be outdoorsy, taking in Vitamin D for this helps in the absorption of important nutrients such as calcium and magnesium. Imbalance in Dopamine and Serotonin is the cause of bipolar disorder. Up your intake of acidophilus capsule, eating pickled veggies, sleeping more during the night. Happy foods are yams, eggs, bananas, fish, seaweeds and colored veggies. Eat more whole foods than processed foods. Do eat pineapple and papaya instead of sugary snacks. Sweat out more by jogging or doing cardio.

How is a dopamine and serotonin deficiency problem fixed?

Why do systemic enzymes need to be taken on an empty stomach?

Why do systemic enzymes need to be taken on an empty stomach? by Connie b. Dellobuono

Answer by Connie b. Dellobuono:

Take your digestive enzymes and acidophilus before a meal to increase bioavailability and be present in our body before we ingest food so that these enzymes and supplements can be more beneficial. Do take fat-rich meal with Vit E, D, K and A. And always have Vitamin C rich foods with meals as it helps in the absorption of nutrients.

Do not eat/drink grapefruit when taking any meds/drugs as it doubles their potency.
food drug interaction p2food drug interactionFood and absorption of drugs/supplements

Food and its constituents may have a significant effect on both the rate and extent of absorption of drugs after oral administration. Understanding the effect of meals on medicines enables health professionals to advise patients about taking medicines with or without food. Co-administration of drugs with food generally delays drug absorption. However, meals may have a variable effect on the extent of absorption – depending on the characteristics of the meal, the drug and its formulation. Some drugs have strict guidelines about when they should be taken in relation to meals. Generally, patients should be advised to take their medicines consistently at the same time with respect to meals.

Bioavailability and drug interactions with food

Understanding the possible clinical implications of taking medicines with or without a meal is important for achieving quality use of medicines. Although the effect of food is not clinically important for many drugs, there are food-drug interactions which may have adverse consequences. Often these interactions can be avoided by advising the patient to take their medicines at the same time with respect to meals.

The effect of food on absorption

The formulation of a drug influences its absorption. Food can affect both the rate and extent of absorption (Table 1).

Rate of absorption

Meals slow down gastric emptying and this can delay drug absorption. The composition of the meal influences the rate of gastric emptying – high fat meals lead to delayed gastric emptying. A delay in the drug reaching the small intestine can delay its subsequent absorption into the systemic circulation. Based on these observations, oral administration of a medicine under fasting conditions is often recommended when rapid absorption (and hence rapid onset of therapeutic effect) is needed. For most medicines, especially those used for chronic conditions, a delay in the onset of absorption is of no clinical consequence as long as the amount of drug absorbed is unaffected.

Extent of absorption

Food has the potential to either increase or decrease the extent of drug absorption. Understanding food-drug interaction mechanisms enables the clinician to provide appropriate advice to patients about taking medicines with respect to the timing and composition of meals.

The effect of food depends on the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drugs.1 The clinical significance of the effect will in turn depend on the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the drug. For example, the poorly water soluble antiretroviral drug saquinavir should be taken with food to allow bile enhancement of its dissolution which then facilitates absorption. The extent of absorption is more than doubled by taking saquinavir after a full cooked breakfast. Taking saquinavir on an empty stomach reduces its bioavailability and could lead to therapeutic failure.1

Delayed gastric emptying after a meal and the associated gastric acid secretions can reduce the bioavailability of some medicines that are acid labile. The constituents of a meal may also specifically interact with drugs (Table 2). Calcium and other cations in food can form insoluble chelates with some medicines preventing their optimal absorption. Bisphosphonates are therefore recommended to be taken with plain water to prevent the formation of chelates which significantly reduce bioavailability.

Source:

Aust Prescr 2006;29:40-2 | 1 April 2006 | http://dx.doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2006.026

Andrew McLachlan and Iqbal Ramzan, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW
http://www.clubalthea.com

Why do systemic enzymes need to be taken on an empty stomach?

Top 10 environmental toxins

 The following toxins are among the most prevalent in our air, water and/or food supply, as reported by Dr. Joseph Mercola, a leader in the U.S. wellness movement, New York Times bestselling author and founder of Mercola.com, the second most visited non-governmental health website after WebMD.

This list is by no means all-inclusive, as thousands of other toxins are also circulating in our environment.

1. PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls): This industrial chemical has been banned in the United States for decades, yet is a persistent organic pollutant that’s still present in our environment.

Risks: Cancer, impaired fetal brain development.

Major Source: Farm-raised salmon. Most farm-raised salmon, which accounts for most of the supply in the United States, are fed meals of ground-up fish that have absorbed PCBs in the environment.

2. Pesticides: According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 60 per cent of herbicides, 90 per cent of fungicides and 30 per cent of insecticides are known to be carcinogenic. Pesticide residues have been detected in 50 per cent to 95 per cent of U.S. foods.

Risks: Cancer, Parkinson’s disease, miscarriage, nerve damage, birth defects, blocking the absorption of food nutrients.

Major Sources: Food (fruits, vegetables and commercially raised meats), bug sprays.

3. Mould and other Fungal Toxins: One in three people have had an allergic reaction to mould. Mycotoxins (fungal toxins) can cause a range of health problems with exposure to only a small amount.

Risks: Cancer, heart disease, asthma, multiple sclerosis, diabetes.

Major Sources: Contaminated buildings, food like peanuts, wheat, corn and alcoholic beverages.

4. Phthalates: These chemicals are used to lengthen the life of fragrances and soften plastics.

Risks: Endocrine system damage (phthalates chemically mimic hormones and are particularly dangerous to children).

Major Sources: Plastic wrap, plastic bottles, plastic food storage containers. All of these can leach phthalates into our food.

5. VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds): VOCs are a major contributing factor to ozone, an air pollutant. According to the EPA, VOCs tend to be even higher (two to five times) in indoor air than outdoor air, likely because they are present in so many household products.

Risks: Cancer, eye and respiratory tract irritation, headaches, dizziness, visual disorders, and memory impairment.

Major Sources: Drinking water, carpet, paints, deodorants, cleaning fluids, varnishes, cosmetics, dry cleaned clothing, moth repellants, air fresheners.

6. Dioxins: Chemical compounds formed as a result of combustion processes such as commercial or municipal waste incineration and from burning fuels (like wood, coal or oil).

Risks: Cancer, reproductive and developmental disorders, chloracne (a severe skin disease with acne-like lesions), skin rashes, skin discoloration, excessive body hair, mild liver damage.

Major Sources: Animal fats: Over 95 per cent of exposure comes from eating commercial animal fats.

7. Asbestos: This insulating material was widely used from the 1950s to 1970s. Problems arise when the material becomes old and crumbly, releasing fibres into the air.

Risks: Cancer, scarring of the lung tissue, mesothelioma (a rare form of cancer).

Major Sources: Insulation on floors, ceilings, water pipes and heating ducts from the 1950s to 1970s.

8. Heavy Metals: Metals like arsenic, mercury, lead, aluminum and cadmium, which are prevalent in many areas of our environment, can accumulate in soft tissues of the body.

Risks: Cancer, neurological disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, foggy head, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, decreased production of red and white blood cells, abnormal heart rhythm, damage to blood vessels.

Major Sources: Drinking water, fish, vaccines, pesticides, preserved wood, antiperspirant, building materials, dental amalgams, chlorine plants.

9. Chloroform: This colorless liquid has a pleasant, nonirritating odour and a slightly sweet taste, and is used to make other chemicals. It’s also formed when chlorine is added to water.

Risks: Cancer, potential reproductive damage, birth defects, dizziness, fatigue, headache, liver and kidney damage.

Major Sources: Air, drinking water and food can contain chloroform.

10. Chlorine: This highly toxic, yellow-green gas is one of the most heavily used chemical agents.

Risks: Sore throat, coughing, eye and skin irritation, rapid breathing, narrowing of the bronchi, wheezing, blue coloring of the skin, accumulation of fluid in the lungs, pain in the lung region, severe eye and skin burns, lung collapse, reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) (a type of asthma).

Major Sources: Household cleaners, drinking water (in small amounts), air when living near an industry (such as a paper plant) that uses chlorine in industrial processes.

Source: Mercola.com

HOW TO AVOID THEM

It’s impossible in this day and age to avoid all environmental toxins. What you can do, however, is limit your exposure as much as possible with the following tips:

– Buy and eat, as much as possible, organic produce and free-range, organic foods. If you can only purchase one organic product it probably should be free range organic eggs.

– Rather than eating fish, which is largely contaminated with PCBs and mercury, consume a high-quality purified fish or cod liver oil. Another option is to have your wild-caught fish lab tested to find out if it is a pure source.

– Avoid processed foods — remember that they’re processed with chemicals.

– Only use natural cleaning products in your home.

– Switch over to natural brands of toiletries, including shampoo, toothpaste, antiperspirants and cosmetics.

– Remove any metal fillings as they’re a major source of mercury. Be sure to have this done by a qualified biological dentist.

– Avoid using artificial air fresheners, dryer sheets, fabric softeners or other synthetic fragrances as they can pollute the air you are breathing.

– Avoid artificial food additives of all kind, including artificial sweeteners and MSG.

– Get plenty of safe sun exposure to boost your vitamin D levels and your immune system (you’ll be better able to fight disease).

– Have your tap water tested and, if contaminants are found, install an appropriate water filter on all your faucets (even those in your shower or bath).

Source: Mercola.com