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Source: Saarland University.

A research team led by Professor Julie Bakker at Liège University (Belgium) and Professor Ulrich Boehm at Saarland University (Germany) has made a major advancement in our understanding of how the brain controls sex. Their research results are published today in Nature Communications.

Using female mice as a model, the researchers found that a hormone in the brain, (appropriately) called kisspeptin, drives both attraction to the opposite sex and sexual behavior. They discovered that pheromones secreted by the male mouse activate these neurons which, in turn, transmit this signal to another population of neurons (gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons) to drive attraction to the opposite sex. In parallel, they also transmit this signal to cells that produce the neurotransmitter nitric oxide to trigger sexual behavior.

“This work has provided new insight into how the brain decodes signals from the outside world and then translates these environmental cues into behavior. In many animals, sexual behavior is timed to occur with ovulation to ensure the highest possible chance of fertilization and therefore, continuation of the species. Until now, little was known about how the brain ties together ovulation, attraction and sex. Now we know that a single molecule – kisspeptin- controls all of these aspects through different brain circuits running in parallel with one another”, said Ulrich Boehm, Professor of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology of Saarland University.

Taken together, these findings show that puberty, fertility, attraction and sex are all controlled by a single molecule; kisspeptin. This work opens up new and exciting possibilities for the treatment of patients with psychosexual disorders such as hyposexual desire disorder. “There are currently no good treatments available for women suffering from low sexual desire. The discovery that kisspeptin controls both attraction and sexual desire opens up exciting new possibilities for the development of treatments for low sexual desire”, explained Professor Julie Bakker, who is leading the Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology at Liège University.

Source: Friederike Meyer zu Tittingdorf – Saarland University
Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.
Original Research: Open access research in Nature Communications.
doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02797-2

Abstract

Female sexual behavior in mice is controlled by kisspeptin neurons

Sexual behavior is essential for the survival of many species. In female rodents, mate preference and copulatory behavior depend on pheromones and are synchronized with ovulation to ensure reproductive success. The neural circuits driving this orchestration in the brain have, however, remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that neurons controlling ovulation in the mammalian brain are at the core of a branching neural circuit governing both mate preference and copulatory behavior. We show that male odors detected in the vomeronasal organ activate kisspeptin neurons in female mice. Classical kisspeptin/Kiss1R signaling subsequently triggers olfactory-driven mate preference. In contrast, copulatory behavior is elicited by kisspeptin neurons in a parallel circuit independent of Kiss1R involving nitric oxide signaling. Consistent with this, we find that kisspeptin neurons impinge onto nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Our data establish kisspeptin neurons as a central regulatory hub orchestrating sexual behavior in the female mouse brain.

Summary: Researchers reveal in mice, certain cells within the hippocampus fire when the animal is anxious and this triggers anxiety related behaviors to occur.

Source: Columbia University Medical Center.

Do your palms sweat when you walk down a poorly lit street at night? That feeling may be traced to the firing of newly identified “anxiety” cells deep inside your brain, according to new research from neuroscientists at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC) and the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).

The researchers found the cells in the brains of mice, inside a structure called the hippocampus. But the cells probably also exist in humans, says Rene Hen, PhD, a professor of psychiatry at CUIMC and one of the study’s senior investigators.

“We call these anxiety cells because they only fire when the animals are in places that are innately frightening to them,” Hen says. “For a mouse, that’s an open area where they’re more exposed to predators, or an elevated platform.”

The firing of the anxiety cells sends messages to other parts of the brain that turn on anxious behaviors–in mice, those include avoiding the dangerous area or fleeing to a safe zone.

Though many other cells in the brain have been identified as playing a role in anxiety, the cells found in this study are the first known to represent the state of anxiety, regardless of the type of environment that provokes the emotion.

“This is exciting because it represents a direct, rapid pathway in the brain that lets animals respond to anxiety-provoking places without needing to go through higher-order brain regions,” said Mazen Kheirbek, PhD, an assistant professor of psychiatry at UCSF and study’s other senior investigator.

“Now that we’ve found these cells in the hippocampus, it opens up new areas for exploring treatment ideas that we didn’t know existed before,” says the study’s lead author Jessica Jimenez, PhD, an MD/PhD student at Columbia University’s Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons.

The findings appear in the January 31 online issue of Neuron. “This study shows how translational research using basic science techniques in animal models can elucidate the underlying basis of human emotions and reasons for mental disorders, thereby pointing the way for treatment development,” says Jeffrey Lieberman, MD, Lawrence C. Kolb Professor and Chair of Psychiatry at CUIMC.

Anxiety is healthy. To a degree.

Anxiety is normal and critical to an animal’s safety. Anxiety is an emotional response to a distant threat–being in an environment that exposes an animal to predators, for example. The safe bet is to sidestep those environments, so anxiety kicks in avoidance behaviors.

When people overestimate threats–when talking to a crowd invokes the same response as potentially running into a snake–anxiety becomes a problem.

To understand how things go awry in anxiety disorders, researchers in the Hen lab have been looking at mice to decipher how the brain processes healthy anxiety.

“We wanted to understand where the emotional information that goes into the feeling of anxiety is encoded within the brain,” said Mazen Kheirbek, PhD, who was an assistant professor at CUIMC before moving to UCSF.

The hippocampus plays a well-known role in the brain’s ability to form new memories and to help animals–from mice to humans–navigate through complex environments. But recent research has also implicated the hippocampus in regulating mood, and studies have shown altering brain activity in the ventral part of the hippocampus can reduce anxiety. It’s also known that the hippocampus sends signals to other areas of the brain–the amygdala and the hypothalamus–that have also been shown to control anxiety-related behavior.

Anxiety cells identified with miniature microscope

Using a miniature microscope inserted into the brains of the mice, Hen’s team recorded the activity of hundreds of cells in the hippocampus as the mice freely moved around their surroundings.

Whenever the animals were in exposed, anxiety-provoking environments, the researchers noticed that specific cells in the ventral part of the hippocampus were active. And the more anxious the mice seemed, the greater the activity in the cells.

The researchers traced the output of those cells to the hypothalamus, which is known to control behaviors associated with anxiety (in people, those include increased heart rate, avoidance, and secretion of stress hormones).

By turning the anxiety cells off and on using a technique called optogenetics that allows scientists to control the activity of neurons using beams of light, the researchers found that the anxiety cells control anxiety behaviors. When the cells were silenced, the mice stopped producing fear-related behaviors, wandering onto elevated platforms and away from protective walls. When the anxiety cells were stimulated, the mice exhibited more fear behaviors even when they were in “safe” surroundings.

Therapeutic directions

The discovery of the anxiety cells raises the possibility of finding treatments that target them and reduce anxiety. “We’re looking to see if these cells are different molecularly from other neurons,” Hen says. “If there’s a specific receptor on the cells that distinguishes them from their neighbors, it may be possible to produce a new drug to reduce anxiety.”

Funding: The study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (KO1AG054765, R90DA023426, 2RO1MH064537, R01EB22913, R37MH068542, R01AG043688, R01MH083862, R01MH108623, R01MH111754), Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, NY STEM awards, and the Weill Scholar Award program.